The mainly used antibiotics include sulfonamides (SAs), quinolones (QNs), β-lactams (BALs), macrolides (MALs), tetracyclines (TCs), aminoglycosides (AGs) and others. Finally, the preparation and application prospects of MIPs for detecting antibiotics are outlined.Īntibiotics are a class of secondary metabolites produced by bacteria, mycetes or other microorganisms over the course of their lives that inhibit pathogenic or other biological activity and are widely used not only for the prevention and treatment of human and animal diseases but also as growth promoters in animal husbandry and aquaculture. Fourthly, the research progress on molecularly imprinted SPEs (MISPEs) and MIP-based electrochemical/optical/mass sensors for the detection of various antibiotic residues in environmental and food samples since 2018 are comprehensively reviewed, including sulfonamides, quinolones, β-lactams and so on. Thirdly, the basic principles of MIP-based sensors and three sensing modes, including electrochemical sensing, optical sensing and mass sensing, are also outlined. Secondly, several SPE modes based on MIPs are summarized, namely packed SPE, magnetic SPE, dispersive SPE, matrix solid-phase dispersive extraction, solid-phase microextraction, stir-bar sorptive extraction and pipette-tip SPE. Firstly, several new preparation techniques of MIPs for detecting antibiotics are briefly introduced, including surface imprinting, nanoimprinting, living/controlled radical polymerization, and multi-template imprinting, multi-functional monomer imprinting and dummy template imprinting.

Herein, recent advances in MIPs for antibiotic residue analysis are reviewed.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), a kind of highly selective polymer prepared via molecular imprinting technology (MIT), are used widely in the analytical detection of antibiotics, as adsorbents of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and as recognition elements of sensors. Due to their low contents, varieties and complex matrices, effective recognition, separation and enrichment are usually required prior to determination. The abuse and residues of antibiotics have a great impact on the environment and organisms, and their determination has become very important.

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